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voice crossing
In music, voice crossing is the intersection of melodic lines in a composition, leaving a lower voice on a higher pitch than a higher voice (and vice versa). Because this can cause registral confusion and reduce the independence of the voices,〔Edgar W. Williams, Jr., ''Harmony and Voice Leading'', New York: Harper Collins, 1992, 63.〕 it is sometimes avoided in composition and pedagogical exercises.
==History==
Voice crossing appears in free organum, with examples appearing as early as John Cotton's treatise ''De musica'' (1100).〔Richard Hoppin, ''Medieval Music'', New York: Norton, 1978, 196.〕 Voice crossing is inherent in voice exchange, which became an important compositional technique in the 12th and 13th centuries. Later, as different voices were thought of occupying more distinct vocal ranges, crossing is less frequent. In the 15th-century English discant style, such as in the Old Hall manuscript, the three voices rarely cross.〔Hoppin, 507 and 510.〕 In the three-part music of Guillaume Dufay, a special use of voice crossing at the cadence involves a Landini cadence but has lower voice crossing to give a bass progression as in the modern dominant-tonic cadence.〔Donald Jay Grout and Claude Palisca, ''A History of Western Music'', 5th ed., New York: Norton, 1996, 142.〕 As four-part music became more established by the time of Johannes Ockeghem, the top and bottom parts were less likely to cross, but the inner voices continued to cross frequently.〔Grout and Palisca, 164.〕
Voice crossing appears frequently in 16th-century music, to such a degree that Knud Jeppesen, in his analysis of Renaissance polyphony, said that without voice crossing "no real polyphony is possible." Voice crossing is less common when it involves the lowest voice, as it creates a new bass line for the calculation of the upper voices, though still it is by no means uncommon.〔Thomas Benjamin, ''The Craft of Modal Counterpoint: A Practical Approach'', New York: Schirmer, 1979, 89.〕 Though it is common in the repertoire, voice crossing is sometimes avoided in strict counterpoint pedagogical exercises, especially when involving few voices.〔Arnold Schoenberg, ''Preliminary Exercises in Counterpoint'', New York: St. Martin's, 1964, 11.〕 This is not always the case, however; ''Gradus ad Parnassum'' (1725), probably the most famous species counterpoint instruction book, includes an example using crossed voices early in the text.〔Alfred Mann, tr. ''The Study of Counterpoint''. Translated from Johann Joseph Fux, ''Gradus ad Parnassum'', New York: Norton, 1971, 36.〕
In 18th-century contrapuntal writing, voices may cross freely, especially among voices in the same pitch location.〔 Walter Piston, ''Counterpoint'', New York: Norton, 1947, 81.〕 It is, however, quite restricted in invertible counterpoint, since it makes the crossing in the inversion impossible.〔Piston, 170.〕 Canons at small harmonic intervals usually necessitate considerable voice crossing,〔Piston, 200.〕 and in a crab canon it is inevitable at the midpoint.〔Piston, 210.〕 For this reason, many authors find that canons sound better when performed by voices of different timbre.〔Schoeberg, 166.〕 In four-part chorale writing, voice crossing is infrequent, and again the most frequently crossed voices are the alto and tenor.〔Felix Salzer and Carl Schachter, ''Counterpoint in Composition'', New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969, 266.〕 Voice crossing is usually forbidden in pedagogical exercises in common practice chorale-style voice-leading, especially when involving an outer voice.〔
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